Meriç-Ergene Havzası’nda Toprak Örneklerinde Ağır Metal Ve Toplam Organik Karbon Tespiti

Proje kapsamındaMeriç-Ergene Havzası’nda, toprak örneklerinde ağır metallerin birikimleri kirletici kaynak gruplarına bağlı olarak (yoğun endüstriyel alan), (endüstriyel + yerleşim alanı), (tarım alanı) ve taşınım vb. kaynaklar dışında başka bir kaynaktan etkilenmeyeceği düşünülen (arkaplan) olmak üzere seçilmiş, 4 bölgede, 3’er örnekleme noktasında (toplam 12 noktada), Mayıs 2014,Temmuz 2014, Ekim 2014 ve Ocak 2015 tarihlerinde her bir periyodda 12 adet toprak olmak üzere toplam 48 numunede, Çinko (Zn), Kurşun (Pb), Demir (Fe), Bakır (Cu), Krom (Cr), Kadmiyum (Cd), Arsenik (As), Kobalt (Co), Mangan (Mn) analizleri ile belirlenmiş ve toprak numunelerinde aynı zamandapH, nem, organik madde ve Toplam Organik Karbon (TOK) tespiti yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerle ağır metal seviyeleri, örnekleme noktası ve zamanına göre mevsimsel olarak değerlendirilmiş ve literatür sonuçları ile karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen değerlerin mevsimsel değişimleri incelendiğinde, en yüksek değerlerin tüm parametreler için Yaz 2014 ve Kış 2015 periyodlarında ölçüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara dayanarak havza genelinde özelikle yoğun endüstrileşme aktivitelerinin bulunduğu alanlarda, ağır metal kirliliğinin yüksek seviyelerde olduğu ve özellikle Cd, Cr ve Pb metal türleri için toprakta belirlenen seviyelerde en temiz ve en kirli bölge arasındaki farkın 10 katlara ulaştığı gözlenmiştir. Tüm ağır metal türlerinde en yüksek seviyelere havzanın güneydoğu kesimlerinde yer alan endüstriyel aktivitelerin ve özellikle deri ve kimya sanayinin yoğunlaştığı alanlarda rastlanmıştır.In this project, accumulations of airborne heavy metals in soil samples were determined on the basis of pollutant source groups by conducting Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co) and Manganese (Mn) analyses on a total of 48 samples collected in the periods of May 2014, July 2014, October 2014 and January 2015 from 3 sampling points in 4 predetermined areas, that is a total of 12 sampling points in a (heavily industrialized area), a (mixed industrial and residential area), an (agricultural area) and a (background area) that is not affected from any source other than convection in the Meric-Ergene Basin, and pH, humidity, organic matter and TOC determination was carried out on 48 soil samples. With the obtained data, heavy metal levels were assessed in details by being associated with each other and with their probable sources, spatial variances were set forth and finally the results were compared with the findings reported in the literature. In the evaluation of temporal variation of the findings, it was observed that the highest values were obtained in Summer 2014 and Winter 2015 period in the sampling campaign. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was observed that heavy metal pollution is at high levels particularly in highly industrialized areas, and that the differences between the cleanest and most polluted levels determined from soil samples for Cr, Cd and Pb metals reach 10 folds. The highest levels of all heavy metals were determined in the soil samples collected from the areas in the south east part of the region, where industrial activities and particularly leather and chemical industries are concentrated

Atmospheric concentration of Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in Istanbul

Çalışmada, İstanbul’da ikisi şehir atmosferini (Yıldız, DMO) ve biri kırsal alanı yansıtan (Kilyos) üç örnekleme noktasından, dört mevsimi kapsayacak şekilde, Eylül 2006-Aralık 2007 tarihleri arasında seçilmiş örnekleme periyodunda, alınan numunelerde EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) tarafından öncelikli kirleticiler listesinde bulunan 16 tür PAH (Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon) ve TSP (Toplam Askıda Katı) analizi yapılmış ve bulunan sonuçlar zamana, mekana bağlı ve kaynak belirlemeye yönelik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yıldız örnekleme noktasından 135, DMO’dan 129 ve Kilyos’tan 62 adet olmak üzere toplam 326 adet numunede analiz yapılmıştır. Ortalama PAH konsantrasyonu Yıldız, DMO ve Kilyos istasyonları için sırasıyla 100.66±61.26, 84.63±46.66 ve 25.12±13.20 ng/m3 ve TSP konsantrasyonu 101.16±53.22, 152.31±99.12, 49.84±18.47 µg/ m3 olarak ölçülmüştür. Tüm istasyonlardan alınan sonuçlar arasında, en yüksek toplam PAH değerleri Yıldız örnekleme noktası için ve en yüksek TSP değerleri DMO istasyonu için tespit edilmiştir. En düşük konsantrasyonlar Kilyos istasyonu için belirlenmiştir. Tüm istasyonlarda PAH türleri arasında konsantrasyonu en yüksek değerlerde gözlenenler molekül ağırlığı düşük PAH’lar olmuştur. Şehir atmosferini temsil eden alanlarda güçlü bir mevsimsel değişim gözlenmiştir. En yüksek PAH konsantrasyonları kış aylarında ve şehir atmosferinde gözlenmiş en düşük konsantrasyonlara ise yaz aylarında ve kırsal alanda rastlanmıştır. PAH’ların kaynaklarını belirlemek amacıyla “kaynak tanımlama katsayıları” ile yapılan belirlemede Yıldız ve DMO istasyonları için trafik emisyonunun ağırlıklı olduğu ve tüm belirleme oranları için dizel emisyonlarının benzinli araç emisyonlarına oranla baskın olduğu gözlenmiştir.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar (PAH)), Toplam Askıda Katı (TSP), kaynak belirleme katsayıları.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are semivolatile organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings. These compounds are produced in the atmosphere as by-products of the incomplete combustion of almost any fuel. After emitting the atmosphere, this pollutants fallout to the ground as dry or wet deposition depends on its form and many factors. The concentration of PAH in the atmosphere is in the order of ng/m3. Atmospheric PAHs are partitioned between the particulate and the gaseous phases. PAHs have received increased attention in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Some PAHs were classified as probable or possible carcinogens to humans. For this reason, especially after 1980?s years, concentrations of these pollutants have been monitored continuously, especially in water mass and atmosphere. In many metropolitans, concentrations and potential toxicity of PAHs to city ecosystem have been determined in monitoring network or individual studies. In the base of these monitoring programs, sources of PAHs identified and quantified at receptor locations with different techniques. This study is the first about atmospheric concentration of PAHs in Istanbul. In this study, 16 EPA`s PAHs and TSP (Total Suspended Solids) concentration were performed in three sampling stations for four seasons in the period of September 2006-December 2007 in Istanbul. Spatial and temporal profiles were determined and diagnostic ratios were applied for source apportiontment of the pollutants. Airborne samples were collected using PS-1 samplers with GFF filter to collect airborne particle-bound PAH and TSP. The filter was followed by a glass cartridge containing polyurethane foam plug and XAD-2 resin. All sampled filters and glass cartridges were extracted by soxhlet method with n-hexane:diethylether mixture for 20 h. The extract was then concentrated and cleaned up with silica gel column using procedures by EPA. Analysis of all extracts were performed by means of reversed-phase HPLC using UV-visible and fluorescence detectors in series.  A total of 326 airborne samples were collected and analyzed for 16 PAHs and TSP in the period at three monitoring stations; Yildiz (135 samples-urban site), DMO (129 samples-urban site) and Kilyos (62 samples-rural site). Total average PAH concentrations were 100.66±61.26, 84.63±46.66 and 25.12±13.34 ng m-3 and TSP concentrations were 101.16±53.22, 152.31±99.12, 49.84±18.58 µg m-3 for Yildiz, DMO and Kilyos stations respectively. When comparing average concentration, maximum PAH values were observed for Yildiz station but maximum TSP values were observed for DMO station. At all the sites, the lighter compounds (MW 200) were the most abundant species. Nevertheless some reduction was observed in percentage of the low molecular weight PAHs during the warm season for all stations. Because PAHs with high molecular weight are found mainly adsorbed in particulate matter, a good correlation between TSP and heavier PAH concentration is expected. In general, correlation values between TSP and total heavier PAH values were good for Yildiz and DMO stations. Average correlation values were 0.60 and 0.56 for Yildiz and DMO stations respectively. The pattern of PAH and TSP concentrations showed spatial and temporal variations. Strong seasonality was observed especially for urban stations. The highest level was observed in winter in urban areas while the lowest in summer in rural area. When comparing seasonal values, Winter 2006 had the highest PAH levels for all stations and the lowest levels were observed in Spring and Summer 2007. Comparing yearly variations, year 2006 had bigger PAH values than year 2007. PAH concentration values were compared literature studies. The comparison of the results with the examples given in the literature was in a good agreement. The concentrations or ratios of specific PAH compounds have been used to indicate towards the corresponding emission sources, especially for vehicle emissions In the study, PAH concentration values were analyzed with diagnostic ratios. The ratios of PAHs were compared with individual concentration values in order to determine sources of PAHs. Yildiz and DMO sites was affected by traffic-related sources, and diesel emission sources had higher contribution than gasoline ones. On the other hand, low level traffic emission was obtained for Kilyos station as expected. Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, total suspended solids, diagnostic ratios

Kuyum Atölyelerinde Kullanılan Atıkgaz Yıkama Ekipmanlarının Verimliliklerinin Belirlenmesi

During the processes where acid and cyanide are used in jewelery workshops, waste gasesoriginates that hazardous in terms of human and environmental health and material. It is necessary tocontrol these originated gas flows with suitable methods and equipment in the workshop and convertthem to non-hazardous forms. For this purpose, waste gas washing equipment which can be used byvarious producers in jewelery workshops are produced. In this study, waste gas stream hazardousemissions removal efficiency of a system produced for this purpose was examined and the measures to betaken for the continuous efficiency were mentioned. According to results; it has been determined that thenitric acid emissions and the sulfuric acid emissions originated from the iron / copper solvation processare reduced by 94.5% and 88.3%, respectively, by means of waste gas washing system. It has beendetermined that cyanide emissions are reduced by 98.7% by washing the waste gases from the bombingprocess by means of washing system. According to results, treated toxic gaseous emission concentrationswere below the limit.values of Turkish Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation (TIAPCR) and Netherlands EmissionGuidelines for Air (NER).Kuyum atölyelerinde asit ve siyanür kullanılan işlemler esnasında, insan ve çevre sağlığı ile malzeme üzerinde zararlı olacak nitelikte atık gazlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Oluşan bu atık gaz akımlarının, oluştuğu atölye içinde uygun yöntem ve ekipmanlarla kontrol edilmesi ve zararsız hale getirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla çeşitli üreticiler tarafından kuyum atölyelerinde kullanılabilecek atık gaz yıkama ekipmanları üretilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmada bu amaçla üretilmiş bir sistemin atık gaz akımı içerisindeki zararlı emisyonları giderme verimi incelenmiş ve verimin sürekliliğinin sağlanması için alınması gereken önlemler belirtilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde; kullanılan atık gaz yıkama sistemi sayesinde demir/bakır indirme işleminden kaynaklanan nitrik asit emisyonlarının %94,5, sülfürik asit emisyonlarının ise %88,3 oranında giderildiği belirlenmiştir. Patlatma işleminden kaynaklanan atık gazların yıkama sisteminde yıkanması ile siyanür emisyonun ise %98,7 oranında giderildiği tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre arıtılmış toksik gaz emisyonları; Sanayi Kaynaklı Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği ve Hollanda Hava Emisyon Klavuzu’nda verilen limit değerlerin altında kalmıştı

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic in medical waste amounts: a case study from a high-populated city of Turkey

In this study, the amount of medical waste generated in a high-populated city in Turkey between January 2018 and August 2021 was evaluated, and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on waste amounts and waste production rate was investigated. While a total of 79,027 kg/month of medical waste was produced in the city before COVID-19, this value reached 116,714 kg/month after COVID-19. The increase in the amount of medical waste due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the province was calculated as 48% on average. It was determined that 75% of this waste amount originates from public hospitals in the city. While the production of medical waste was 0.86 kg/bed day in the pre-COVID-19 period, this value increased to 0.96 kg/bed day in 2020 and to 1.34 kg/bed day in 2021 with the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the results obtained, the amount of medical waste reached in the province due to COVID-19 is the amount of medical waste expected to be generated in the 2040s under normal conditions. It is a very important issue in terms of public health that the capacity of waste disposal in medical waste management in cities is flexible to respond to severe epidemic conditions. Based on the information obtained within the scope of the study, changes in the amount of medical waste in a city with a dense population under pandemic conditions can be obtained based on real data and projections regarding disposal capacity can be made more realistically

Climate change adaptation exertions on the use of alternative water resources in Antalya, Turkiye

This study presents the payback periods of applying rainwater harvesting (RWH) and/or graywater reuse (GWR) systems as alternative water resources in different building typologies, such as a hospital, shopping mall, and hotel. These buildings are under operation in the Antalya Province of Turkiye, which is a large city having the densest tourism activities. The significance of the work performed through the cost-benefit analyses for the selected case studies basically lies on the water savings while serving to four of the sustainable development goals, namely, clean water and sanitation, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, and climate action. These efforts may be considered valuable urban-based solutions toward climate change effects. Thorough surveys on the existing selected typologies are conducted regarding their water consumption and probable water savings via reuse activities. As-built plumbing projects and plans are also investigated during the accomplishment of the comprehensive design work leading to the calculation of the total investment and operation costs of the rainwater harvesting and graywater reuse practices. The up-to-date prices are used in monetary terms, and euro currency is used to make the results more meaningful by the interested parties. All the selected typologies undergo cost-benefit analysis for both of the alternative water reuse systems. The payback periods are calculated as 6, 2, and 9 years for RWH and as 5, 6, and 9 years for GWR for the hospital, shopping mall, and the hotel, respectively. The water savings for RWH varied between 20% and 50% whereas for GWR, the range was 48%-99%. Both of the systems are performed for the shopping mall simultaneously, and the resulting payback period is found to be 5 years, and water saving reached 72%. Recent information on the amortization periods in the literature states that less than a decade demonstrates achievable and highly acceptable applications. As such, the design attempts in this study also correlated with these findings. However, feasibility of these practices may be increased by encouraging the public on their utility and benefit of water savings. As is the case in many of the developed countries, incentives like tax reductions and even exemptions may be realized to achieve better applicability of these alternative technologies

Treatment of dairy industry wastewater by variations of coagulation-flocculation and ozonation

In this study, COD removal efficiencies were investigated in dairy industry wastewater by using variations of coagulation-flocculation and ozone oxidation in laboratory. Coagulationflocculation (CF), ozonation (O), ozonation following coagulation-flocculation (CF+O) and coagulation-flocculation following ozonation (O+CF) processes were applied to the wastewater. Optimum pH and optimum dosages were studied at various pH values and at various coagulant doses at room temperature (25oC). In ozone oxidation, wastewater was taken to ozonation reactor and ozone was given 1 g/hour dose and COD removal efficiencies were determined by taking samples in 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 150, 210 and 240 minutes. Treatment performance of coagulation and flocculation and ozonation processes and their variations were evaluated by COD removal efficiencies. The optimum pHs for the Al2(SO4) 3 and FeCl3 were found as 7 and 6 respectively. The optimum dosages were 1200 mg/L for Al2(SO4) 3 and 500 mg/L for FeCl3. At optimum conditions, approximately 45% and 28% of COD were removed by using FeCl3 and Al2(SO4) 3 respectively. When only ozonation was applied, COD removal efficiency was determined as 20% at the end of 240 minutes. COD removal efficiency was 65% with the application of ozonation after coagulation-flocculation (CF+O). When the coagulation-flocculation process was applied after the ozonation process (O+CF), COD removal efficiency remained at 52%

Investigation of the Treatment Efficiency of Biofilters in Terms of Odorous Gases Originated from Animal Breeding

Çalışmada hayvan çiftliklerinden kaynaklanan ve amonyak içeren kokulu atık gazların biyofiltrelerlearıtılması araştırılmıştır. Biyofiltreler, düşük enerji gereksinimleri ve ilk kurulum maliyetinin düşüklüğünedeniyle koku kontrolünde tercih edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, çalışmada hayvan barınaklarının aralıklıhavalandırma uygulamasının simüle edilmesi için kesikli düzenle kurulan laboratuvar ölçekli reaktörlerkullanılmıştır. Seri bağlı iki adet reaktöre kirletici olarak, konsantre amonyum hidroksit çözeltisinden havageçirmek suretiyle ile sıyrılarak elde edilen amonyak/hava karışımları beslenmiştir. Filtrelerde dolgumaddesi olarak evsel katı atıktan üretilmiş kompost ve odun talaşı karışımı kullanılmıştır. Farklı yüklemeoranlarına karşılık amonyağın biyofiltrelerde aerobik-biyolojik olarak oksidasyon verimi ve bu verimietkileyen faktörler incelenmiştir. Aklimasyon dönemi dahil 130 günlük süre içinde 1,32-27 g NH3/m3.saataralığında 8 farklı değerde yükleme yapılmış, ortalama amonyak giderim verimi % 97,2±1,8 olarakbulunmuştur.In the study, treatment of odorous waste gases emited from the cattle and sheep breeding facilities and poultry farms which containing ammonia were investigated by means of biofilters. Biofilters are preferred for odor control due to their low energy requirement and capital cost. For this purpose, bench scale batch reactors, were used to simulate the intermittent ventilation of animal barns. Ammonia/air mixtures used as pollution source were obtained by stripping the concentrated ammonium hydroxide via air and fed to two serially connected biofilter modules. Compost produced from domestic solid waste and sawdust mixture was used as a packing material in the filters. Factors affecting aerobic-biologic oxidation of ammonia in biofilters were investigated for different loading rates. During the 130 days which including the acclimation period, 8 different loads were loaded in the range of 1.32-27 g NH3/m3.h and the average ammonia removal rate was found as 97.2% ± 1.8

Investigation of the chlorine dioxide disinfection in terms of disinfection by product (DBP) formation of Omerli raw water in Istanbul

Chlorine which is nowadays the most commonly used disinfectant, interacts aquatic organic matter and causes formation of harmful disinfection by products. For this reason, number of researches on chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant alternative to chlorine, increased in recent years. After disinfection via the chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate which defines as inorganic by products are formed. Chlorite total maximum concentration in water is limited as 1 mg/L as by USEPA. WHO limits total maximum chlorite concentration as 0.7 mg/L in water. There is no detailed study has been conducted for determination of the limit value yet in our country. In this study; after 0.25; 0.50; 0.75; 1; 1.25 and 1.5 mg/L chlorine dioxide had been dosed to Omerli raw water samples taken in December, and February; disinfection by products: chlorite, chlorate, THMs, HAAs and water quality parameters such as TOC, chloride, floride, bromide, sulphate and nitrate were analyzed and effect of the pH and contact time also investigated

Assessment of airborne heavy metal pollution in soil and lichen in the Meric-Ergene Basin, Turkey

In the present study, accumulations of airborne heavy metals in lichen and soil samples were determined on the basis of pollutant source groups by conducting Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co) and Manganese (Mn) analyses on a total of 48 samples collected in the periods of May 2014 and August 2014 from 12 sampling points in a heavily industrialized area, a mixed industrial and residential area, an agricultural area and a background area in the Meric-Ergene Basin, and pH and total organic carbon determination was carried out on soil samples. With the obtained data, heavy metal levels were statistically assessed in detail by being associated with each other and with their probable sources; the accumulations found in soil and lichen samples were compared and spatial variances were set forth. Based on the results, it was observed that heavy metal pollution is at high levels particularly in industrialized areas, and that the differences between the cleanest and most polluted levels determined from soil samples for As, Cr, Cd and Pb reach 10 folds. The highest levels of all heavy metals were determined in both the soil and lichen samples collected from the areas in the south-east part of the region, where industrial activities and particularly leather and chemical industries are concentrated. With the comparison of the indication properties of soil and lichen, it was determined that significant and comparable results can be observed in both matrices.TUBITAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [112Y070]; Namik Kemal University Scientific Research FundNamik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.17.AR.14.04]The present study was supported by TUBITAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) under Grant Project No: 112Y070 and Namik Kemal University Scientific Research Fund under Grant Project No: NKUBAP.00.17.AR.14.04

Determination of transport processes of nocturnal ozone in Istanbul atmosphere

Ozone, usually having a minimum value at night, often increase its concentration level which is known as nocturnal ozone. in this study, the magnitude, frequency and timing of nocturnal ozone maxima were determined between May and September for four years (2001-2004) for stations in the Asian and European sides of Istanbul, Turkey. The magnitude and frequency of late and early peaks for peak ozone nights were monitored. A total of 40 days, having secondary ozone maxima due to horizontal transport processes, have been selected, and HYSPLIT model with back trajectory analysis was conducted at different ground levels